William Wordsworth

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Wordsworth,William

英国浪漫主义诗人。1770年4月7日生于北部昆布兰郡科克茅斯的一个律师之家,1850年4月23日卒于里多蒙特。8岁丧母。5年后,父亲又离开了他。亲友送他到家乡附近的寄宿学校读书。1787年进剑桥大学,曾在1790年、1791年两次访问法国。其间与法国姑娘阿内特·瓦隆恋爱,生有一女。1795年从一位朋友那里接受了一笔遗赠年金,他的生活有了保障,也有了实现回归大自然夙愿的可能,便同妹妹多萝西移居乡间。1797年同诗人柯尔律治相识,翌年两人共同出版《抒情歌谣集》。1798~1799年间与柯尔律治一同到德国游历,在那里创作了《采干果》、《露斯》和组诗《露西》,并开始创作自传体长诗《序曲》。1802年与玛丽·哈钦森结婚。此时开始关注人类精神在与大自然交流中得到的升华,并且发现这一主题与传统的宗教观实际上并行不悖,因此重新皈依宗教。同时,在政治上日渐保守。

华兹华斯诗歌创作的黄金时期在1797~1807年。随着声誉逐渐上升,他的创作逐渐走向衰退。到了1830年,他的成就已得到普遍承认,1843年被封为英国桂冠诗人。由于他与柯尔律治等诗人常居住在英国西北部多山的湖区,1807年10月的《爱丁堡评论》杂志称他们是湖畔派的代表诗人。18世纪末、19世纪初在英国西北部的湖畔有一些诗人聚集,其诗作多描写湖区,故称他们为“湖畔派”。

早期诗歌《晚步》和《素描集》中,对大自然的描写基本上未超出18世纪的传统。然而,从《抒情歌谣集》开始,一反18世纪的诗风,将一种崭新的风格带到诗歌创作中,开创了英国文学史上浪漫主义诗歌的新时代。他为《抒情歌谣集》的再版所写的序言被认为是浪漫主义文学的宣言。他的作品还有《不朽的征兆》以及由《序曲》和《漫游》两部分组成的哲理性长诗《隐者》等。

1770年4月7日,威廉·华兹华斯(William Wordsworth)出生在英国坎伯兰郡的考克茅斯。华兹华斯排行第二,上有一个哥哥,下有一个妹妹和两个弟弟。其父是个律师。华兹华斯8岁丧母,13岁丧父,少年时期一直在几家亲戚的监护之下,住在寄宿学校中,与兄弟姐妹们分开生活。五个孩子从父亲那里继承的遗产主要是对一位贵族的8500镑的债权。但这贵族在1802年去世之前,一直不愿偿还这笔钱,可以说,华兹华斯青少年时期的生活是十分贫寒的。但是他生活地区的美丽自然风光,疗救和补偿了他在物质与亲情上的缺失,因而华兹华斯的对早年的回忆并不觉得贫苦。他对自然有着“虔诚的爱”,将自然看成是自己的精神家园。受学校老师的影响,开始写诗。华兹华斯的第一首诗歌完成于1784年。

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1787年他进入剑桥大学圣约翰学院学习,熟读了希腊拉丁文学,学习意大利文、法文和西班牙文。1790年和1791年两次赴法。当时正是法国大革命的年代,年轻的华兹华斯对革命深表同情与向往。回国后不久,局势剧变,华兹华斯对法国大革命感到失望。1795年,他和妹妹多萝茜以及诗人柯勒律治居住在北部山地的湖区,并在此消磨了一生。1798年华兹华斯与柯勒律治共同发表了《抒情歌谣集》,1800年这部诗集再版时华兹华斯写了序言。

《抒情歌谣集》出版时,华兹华斯并未受到重视,《序言》出版后,更遭到批评家的反对。1807年他的两卷集出版时仍受到批评界的攻击。但从19世纪初叶起,他在诗歌上的成就逐渐得到承认,激进派诗人如利·亨特也称他为颂扬大自然的新型诗歌的开创者和领袖,说他的诗取代了18世纪矫揉造作的诗风。人们认为《抒情歌谣集》宣告了浪漫主义新诗的诞生。在艺术上华兹华斯对雪莱、拜伦和济慈都有影响。

1843年被封为英国“桂冠诗人”,为宫廷写了不少应景诗,艺术成就大不如前。

1850 年4月23日去世。

增加部分:

The poet Robert Southey as well as Coleridge lived nearby, and the three maen became known as“Lake Poets”.骚塞,柯勒律治也居住在同一地城,三人并称为“湖畔诗人”。

In 1842

英文简介

William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850) was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their 1798 joint publication, Lyrical Ballads.

Wordsworth's masterpiece is generally considered to be The Prelude, a semi autobiographical poem of his early years which the poet revised and expanded a number of times. The work was posthumously titled and published, prior to which it was generally known as the poem "to Coleridge". Wordsworth was England's Poet Laureate from 1843 until his death in 1850.

Biography:

Early life and education

The second of five children born to John Wordsworth and Ann Cookson, William Wordsworth was born on 7 April 1770 in Cockermouth in Cumberland — part of the scenic region in north-west England, the Lake District. His sister, the poet and diarist Dorothy Wordsworth, to whom he was close all his life, was born the following year. All of his siblings were destined to have successful careers. His elder brother Richard became a lawyer in London; John Wordsworth rose to the rank of Captain on a merchantman of the East India Company; and the youngest of the family, Christopher, became Master of Trinity College at Cambridge. After the death of their mother in 1778, their father sent William to Hawkshead Grammar School and sent Dorothy to live with relatives in Yorkshire. She and William did not meet again for another nine years. His father died when he was 13.[1]

Wordsworth made his debut as a writer in 1787 when he published a sonnet in The European Magazine. That same year he began attending St John's College, Cambridge, and received his B.A. degree in 1791.[2] He returned to Hawkshead for his first two summer holidays, and often spent later holidays on walking tours, visiting places famous for the beauty of their landscape. In 1790, he took a walking tour of Europe, during which he toured the Alps extensively, and also visited nearby areas of France, Switzerland, and Italy. His youngest brother, Christopher, rose to be Master of Trinity College.

Relationship with Annette Vallon

In November 1791, Wordsworth visited Revolutionary France and became enthralled with the Republican movement. He fell in love with a French woman, Annette Vallon, who in 1792 gave birth to their child, Caroline. Because of lack of money and Britain's tensions with France, he returned alone to England the next year.[4] The circumstances of his return and his subsequent behaviour raise doubts as to his declared wish to marry Annette but he supported her and his daughter as best he could in later life. During this period, he wrote his acclaimed "It is a beauteous evening, calm and free," recalling his seaside walk with his wife, whom he had not seen for ten years. At the conception of this poem, he had never seen his daughter before. The occurring lines reveal his deep love for both child and mother. The Reign of Terror estranged him from the Republican movement, and war between France and Britain prevented him from seeing Annette and Caroline again for several years. There are also strong suggestions that Wordsworth may have been depressed and emotionally unsettled in the mid 1790s.

With the Peace of Amiens again allowing travel to France, in 1802 Wordsworth and his sister, Dorothy visited Annette and Caroline in France and arrived at a mutually agreeable settlement regarding Wordsworth's obligations

First publication and Lyrical Ballads

In his "Preface to Lyrical Ballads" which is called the 'manifesto' of English Romantic criticism, Wordsworth calls his poems ' experimental'. 1793 saw Wordsworth's first published poetry with the collections An Evening Walk and Descriptive Sketches. He received a legacy of £900 from Raisley Calvert in 1795 so that he could pursue writing poetry. That year, he also met Samuel Taylor Coleridge in Somerset. The two poets quickly developed a close friendship. In 1797, Wordsworth and his sister, Dorothy, moved to Alfoxton House, Somerset, just a few miles away from Coleridge's home in Nether Stowey. Together, Wordsworth and Coleridge (with insights from Dorothy) produced Lyrical Ballads (1798), an important work in the English Romantic movement. The volume had neither the name of Wordsworth nor Coleridge as the author. One of Wordsworth's most famous poems, "Tintern Abbey", was published in the work, along with Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner". The second edition, published in 1800, had only Wordsworth listed as the author, and included a preface to the poems, which was significantly augmented in the 1802 edition. This Preface to Lyrical Ballads is considered a central work of Romantic literary theory. In it, Wordsworth discusses what he sees as the elements of a new type of poetry, one based on the "real language of men" and which avoids the poetic diction of much eighteenth-century poetry. Here, Wordsworth also gives his famous definition of poetry askeets "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings from emotions recollected in tranquility." A fourth and final edition of Lyrical Ballads was published in 1805.

Germany and move to the Lake District

Wordsworth, Dorothy, and Coleridge then travelled to Germany in the autumn of 1798. While Coleridge was intellectually stimulated by the trip, its main effect on Wordsworth was to produce homesickness.[4] During the harsh winter of 1798–1799, Wordsworth lived with Dorothy in Goslar, and despite extreme stress and loneliness, he began work on an autobiographical piece later titled The Prelude. He also wrote a number of famous poems, including "the Lucy poems". He and his sister moved back to England, now to Dove Cottage in Grasmere in the Lake District, and this time with fellow poet Robert Southey nearby. Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey came to be known as the "Lake Poets".[5] Through this period, many of his poems revolve around themes of death, endurance, separation, and grief.</CA>

华兹华斯作品

《孤独的收割人》,原文是《Solitary Reaper》

你看!那高原上年轻的姑娘,

Behold her, single in the field,

独自一人正在田野上。

Yon solitary Highland Lass!

一边收割,一边在歌唱。

Reaping and singing by herself;

请你站住,或者悄悄走过!

Stop here, or gently pass!

她独自在那里又割又捆,

Alone she cuts and binds the grain,

她唱的音调好不凄凉;

And sings a melancholy strain;

你听!你听她的歌声,

O listen! for the vale profound

在深邃的峡谷久久回荡。

Is overflowing with the sound.

在荒凉的阿拉伯沙漠里,

No nightingale did ever chaunt

疲惫的旅人憩息在绿阴旁,

More welcome notes to weary bands

夜莺在这时嘀呖啼啭,

Of travellers in some shady haunt,

也不如这歌声暖人心房;

Of travellers in some shady haunt,

在最遥远的赫伯利群岛,

No sweeter voice was ever heard

杜鹃声声唤醒了春光,

In spring - time from the cuckoo - bird,

啼破了海上辽阔的沉寂,

Breaking the silence of the seas

也不如这歌声动人心肠。

Among the farthest Hebrides.

谁能告诉我她在唱些什么?

Will no one tell me what she sings?

也许她在为过去哀伤,

Perhaps the plaintive numbers flow

唱的是渺远的不幸的往事,

For old, unhappy, far - off things,

和那很久以前的战场?

And battles long ago:

也许她唱的是普通的曲子,

Or is it some more humble lay,

当今的生活习以为常? Familiar matter of to - day?

她唱生活的忧伤和痛苦,

Some natural sorrow, loss, or pain,

从前发生过,今后也这样?

That has been, and may be again!

不论姑娘在唱些什么吧,

Whate`er the theme, the maiden sang

歌声好象永无尽头一样;

As if her song could have no ending;

我见她举着镰刀弯下腰去,

I saw her singing at her work,

我见她边干活儿边唱歌。

And o`er the sickle bending;

我凝神屏息地听着,听着,

I listen`d, till I had my fill;

直到我登上了高高的山冈,

And, as I mounted up the hill,

那乐声虽早已在耳边消失,

The music in my heart I bore

却仍长久地留在我的心上。

Long after it was heard no more.

水仙花

我好似一朵孤独的流云,

高高地飘游在山谷之上,

突然我看到一大片鲜花,

是金色的水仙遍地开放。

它们开在湖畔,开在树下

它们随风嬉舞,随风飘荡。

它们密集如银河的星星,

像群星在闪烁一片晶莹;

它们沿着海湾向前伸展,

通往远方仿佛无穷无尽;

一眼看去就有千朵万朵,

万花摇首舞得多么高兴。

粼粼湖波也在近旁欢跳,

却不如这水仙舞得轻俏;

诗人遇见这快乐的旅伴,

又怎能不感到欢欣雀跃;

我久久凝视--却未领悟

这景象所给予我的精神至宝。

后来多少次我郁郁独卧,

感到百无聊赖心灵空漠;

这景象便在脑海中闪现,

多少次安慰过我的寂寞;

我的心又随水仙跳起舞来,

我的心又重新充满了欢乐。

丁登寺

五年过去了,五个夏天,还有

五个漫长的冬天!并且我重又听见

这些水声,从山泉中滚流出来,

在内陆的溪流中柔声低语。——

看到这些峻峭巍峨的山崖,

这一幕荒野的风景深深地留给

思想一个幽僻的印象:山水呀,

联结着天空的那一片宁静。

这一天到来,我重又在此休憩

在无花果树的浓荫之下.远眺

村舍密布的田野,簇生的果树园,

在这一个时令,果子呀尚未成熟,

披着一身葱绿,将自己掩没

在灌木丛和乔木林中。我又一次

看到树篙,或许那并非树篱,而是一行行

顽皮的树精在野跑:这些田园风光,

一直绿到家门;袅绕的炊烟

静静地升起在树林顶端!

它飘忽不定,仿佛是一些

漂泊者在无家的林中走动,

或许是有高人逸士的洞穴,孤独地

坐在火焰旁。

这些美好的形体

虽然已经久违,我并不曾遗忘,

不是像盲者面对眼前的美景:

然而,当我独居一室,置身于

城镇的喧嚣声.深感疲惫之时,

它们却带来了甜蜜的感觉,

渗入血液,渗入心脏,

甚至进入我最纯净的思想,

位我恢复恬静:——还有忘怀己久的

愉悦的感觉,那些个愉悦

或许对一个良善者最美好的岁月

有过远非轻微和平凡的影响,

那是一些早经遗忘的无名琐事,

却饱含着善意与友爱。不仅如此,

我凭借它们还得到另一种能力,

具有更崇高的形态,一种满足的惬意,

这整个神秘的重负,那不可理解的

世界令人厌倦的压力,顿然间

减轻;一种恬静而幸福的心绪,

听从着柔情引导我们前进,

直到我们的肉躯停止了呼吸,

甚至人类的血液也凝滞不动,

我们的身体进入安眠状态,

并且变成一个鲜活的灵魂,

这时,和谐的力量,欣悦而深沉的力量,

让我们的眼睛逐渐变得安宁,

我们能够看清事物内在的生命。

倘若这只是

一种虚妄的信念,可是,哦!如此频繁——

在黑暗中,在以各种面目出现的

乏味的白天里;当无益的烦闷

和世界的热病沉重地压迫着

心脏搏动的每一个节奏——

如此频繁,在精神上我转向你,

啊,绿叶葱笼的怀河!你在森林中漫游,

我如此频繁地在精神上转向你。

而如今,思想之幽光明灭不定地闪烁,

许多熟悉的东西黯淡而述蒙,

还带着一丝怅惘的窘困,

心智的图像又一次重现;

我站立在此,不仅感到了

当下的愉悦,而且还欣慰地想到

未来岁月的生命与粮食正蕴藏

在眼前的片刻间。于是,我胆敢这样希望,

尽管我已不复当初,不再是新来乍到的

光景,即时我像这山上的一头小鹿,

在山峦间跳跃,在大江两岸

窜跑,在孤寂的小溪边逗留,

听凭大自然的引导:与其说像一个

在追求着所爱,倒莫如说正是

在躲避着所惧。因为那时的自然

(如今,童年时代粗鄙的乐趣,

和动物般的嬉戏已经消逝)

在我是一切的一切。——我那时的心境

难以描画。轰鸣着的瀑布

像一种激情萦绕我心;巨石,

高山,幽晦茂密的森林,

它们的颜色和形体,都曾经是

我的欲望,一种情愫,一份爱恋,

不需要用思想来赋予它们

深邃的魅力,也不需要

视觉以外的情趣。——那样的时光消逝,

一切掺合着苦痛的欢乐不复再现,

那今人晕眩的狂喜也已消失。我不再

为此沮丧,哀痛和怨诉;另一种能力

赋予了我,这一种损失呀,

已经得到了补偿,我深信不疑。

因为我已懂得如何看待大自然,再不似

少不更事的青年;而是经常听到

人生宁静而忧郁的乐曲,

优雅,悦耳,却富有净化

和克制的力量。我感觉到

有什么在以崇高的思想之喜悦

让我心动;一种升华的意念,

深深地融入某种东西,

仿佛正栖居于落日的余晖

浩瀚的海洋和清新的空气,

蔚蓝色的天空和人类的心灵:

一种动力,一种精神,推动着

思想的主体和思想的客体

穿过宇宙万物,不停地运行。所以,

我依然热爱草原,森林,和山峦;

一切这绿色大地能见的东西,‘

一切目睹耳闻的大千世界的

林林总总,——它们既有想象所造,

也有感觉所知。我欣喜地发现

在大自然和感觉的语言里,

隐藏着最纯洁的思想之铁锚,

心灵的护士、向导和警卫,以及

我整个精神生活的灵魂。

即便我并没有

受到过这样的教育,我也不会更多地

被这种温和的精神所腐蚀,

因为有你陪伴着我,并且站立

在美丽的河畔,你呀,我最亲爱的朋友,

亲爱的,亲爱的朋友;在你的嗓音里

我捕捉住从前心灵的语言,在你顾盼流转的

野性的眼睛里,我再一次重温了

往昔的快乐。啊!我愿再有一会儿

让我在你身上寻觅过去的那个我,

我亲爱的.亲爱的妹妹!我要为此祈祷,

我知道大自然从来没有背弃过

爱她的心灵;这是她特殊的恩典,

贯穿我们一生的岁月.从欢乐

引向欢乐;因为她能够赋予

我们深藏的心智以活力,留给

我们宁静而优美的印象,以崇高的

思想滋养我们.使得流言蜚语,

急躁的武断,自私者的冷讽热嘲,

缺乏同情的敷衍应付,以及

日常生活中全部枯燥的交往,

都不能让我们屈服,不能损害

我们欢快的信念,毫不怀疑

我们所见的一切充满幸福。因此,

让月光照耀着你进行孤独的漫游,

让迷蒙蒙的山风自由地

吹拂你;如此,在往后的岁月里

当这些狂野的惊喜转化成

冷静的低意,当你的心智

变成一座集纳众美的大厦,

你的记忆像一个栖居的家园招引着

一切甜美而和谐的乐音;啊!那时,

即令孤独.惊悸,痛苦,或哀伤成为

你的命运,你将依然杯着柔情的喜悦

顺着这些健康的思路追忆起我,

和我这一番劝勉之言!即便我远走他方

再也听不见你可爱的声音,

再也不能在你野性的双眸中

看见我往昔生活的光亮一一你也不会

忘记我俩在这妩媚的河畔

一度并肩站立;而我呀,一个

长期崇拜大自然的人,再度重临,

虔敬之心未减:莫如说怀着

一腔更热烈的爱情——啊!更淳厚的热情,

更神圣的爱慕。你更加不会忘记,

经过多年的浪迹天涯,漫长岁月的

分离,这些高耸的树林和陡峻的山崖,

这绿色的田园风光,更让我感到亲近,

这有它们自身的魅力,更有你的缘故。

致杜鹃

啊,欢乐的客人,我听见了

听见了你的歌声,我真欢欣。

啊,杜鹃,我该称你做鸟儿呢,

还只称你为飘荡的声音?

当我躺在草场上,

听到你那重叠的声音,

似乎从这山传过那山,

一会儿远,一会儿近。

对着充满阳光和鲜花的山谷,

你细语频频,

你向我倾诉着

一个梦幻中的事情。

十二分的欢迎你,春天的宠儿,

对于我你不是鸟儿,

你只是一个看不见的东西,

一个声音,一个谜。

这声音,我听过,

那时我还是学童,

这声音,曾使我到处寻觅,

在林中,在天空。

为了找你,我到处游荡,

穿过树林和草场:

你仍是一个憧憬,一种爱恋,

引人悬念,却无法看见。

我却能听见你的歌声,

我能躺在草地上倾听,

我听着,直到那黄金的时光,

重新回到我的身旁。

啊,幸福的鸟儿,

我们漫游的大地上

似乎再现缥缈的仙境,

那正是你向往的地方。

 
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