非限定性动词

英语动词有限定（finite）和非限定（non-finite）两类。 句子中的谓语动词（predicative verb）是限定的；限定动词受人称（person）和数目（number）的限制。此外，还有时态（tense ）、语态（voice）和情态（mood）等。例如：

① Good leaders serve the people whole-heartedly.

② Jason is giving a public lecture.

③ Who did it?

④ I would appreciate it if you could do me a favour. 在句子中可以施展其他功能的动词是非限定动词；这些动词具有一般动词的许多特性，但没有“人称”和“数目”的限制。 非限定动词分三种：不定式动词（the infinitive）; 分词（ the participle）;动名词（the gerund）; 分词又分现在分词（ the present participle）和过去分词（the past participle）。 例如：

⑤ Tom found the prescribed text hard to read.

⑥ Helen has a smiling face.

⑦ Your written English is good.

⑧ Smoking is harmful to health. ⑤里的是不定式动词；⑥里的是现在分词；⑦里的是过去分词；

⑧里的是动名词。 非限定动词及其短语，语法功能庞大，涉及下列五方面： 一 当主语 不定式动词和动名词都可当句子的主语，取代名词和代名词。例如：

⑨ To swim in a warm day is joyful.

⑩ Swimming makes us hale and hearty. 二 当补足语 可当主语的句子成分也可当补足语。例如：

● A good government's desire is serving the people.

● What is difficult is to hoodwink the public indefinitely. 同样的，现在分词与过去分词也可充当接系动词（the linking verb）的补足语。例如：

● The witness's evidence is quite convincing.

● At long last, John was fully convinced. 三 当宾语 不定式动词和动名词都可充当及物动词的宾语。例如：

● The baby wanted to drink milk.

● Janet suddenly stopped talking. 它们也可以成为介词的宾语，但除了“except, but, about, than”之外，介词的宾语多数是动名词。 例如：

I am tired of repeating the same point.

Most of us desired nothing except to succeed.

Betty did nothing useful but talk（不带”to”）。

That weak old man is about to die. 四 当名词修饰语

Don't disturb the sleeping dog.（现在分词）

 Can you remove the damaged machine?（过去分词）

 That is the only thing to do.（不定式动词）

 The sailors came in a fishing boat.（动名词） 五 当动词修饰语

 Walking along the road, he came across a friend.（现在分词短语）

 Extremely frightened, the picnickers fled.（过去分词短语）

 The athlete stopped to take a rest?（不定式动词短语）

 Peter came running.（动名词）