投影运算
投影运算
投影是指将对象转换为一种新形式的操作，该形式通常只包含那些将随后使用的属性。通过使用投影，您可以构建依据每个对象生成的新类型。您可以映射属性，并对该属性执行数学函数。还可以在不更改原始对象的情况下映射该对象。
下面一节中列出了执行投影的标准查询运算符方法。
方法
方法名
说明
C# 查询表达式语法
Visual Basic 查询表达式语法
更多信息
Select
映射基于转换函数的值。
select
Select
Enumerable..::.Select
Queryable..::.Select
SelectMany
映射基于转换函数的值序列，然后将它们展平为一个序列。
使用多个 from 子句
使用多个 From 子句
Enumerable..::.SelectMany
Queryable..::.SelectMany
查询表达式语法示例
Select
下面的示例使用 C# 中的 select 子句或 Visual Basic 中的 Select 子句来映射字符串列表中每个字符串的第一个字母。
Visual Basic 复制代码Dim words As New List(Of String)(New String() {"an", "apple", "a", "day"})
Dim query = From word In words _
Select word.Substring(0, 1)
Dim sb As New System.Text.StringBuilder()
For Each letter As String In query
sb.AppendLine(letter)
Next
' Display the output.
MsgBox(sb.ToString())
' This code produces the following output:
' a
' a
' a
' d
C# 复制代码List<string> words = new List<string>() { "an", "apple", "a", "day" };
var query = from word in words
select word.Substring(0, 1);
foreach (string s in query)
Console.WriteLine(s);
/* This code produces the following output:
a
a
a
d
*/
SelectMany
下面的示例使用多个 from 子句（在 C# 中）或 From 子句（在 Visual Basic 中）来映射字符串列表中每个字符串中的每个单词。
Visual Basic 复制代码Dim phrases As New List(Of String)(New String() {"an apple a day", "the quick brown fox"})
Dim query = From phrase In phrases _
From word In phrase.Split(" "c) _
Select word
Dim sb As New System.Text.StringBuilder()
For Each str As String In query
sb.AppendLine(str)
Next
' Display the output.
MsgBox(sb.ToString())
' This code produces the following output:
' an
' apple
' a
' day
' the
' quick
' brown
' fox
C# 复制代码List<string> phrases = new List<string>() { "an apple a day", "the quick brown fox" };
var query = from phrase in phrases
from word in phrase.Split(' ')
select word;
foreach (string s in query)
Console.WriteLine(s);
/* This code produces the following output:
an
apple
a
day
the
quick
brown
fox
*/
Select 与 SelectMany
Select() 和 SelectMany() 的工作都是依据源值生成一个或多个结果值。Select() 为每个源值生成一个结果值。因此，总体结果是一个与源集合具有相同元素数目的集合。与之相反，SelectMany() 将生成单一总体结果，其中包含来自每个源值的串联子集合。作为参数传递到 SelectMany() 的转换函数必须为每个源值返回一个可枚举值序列。然后，SelectMany() 将串联这些可枚举序列以创建一个大的序列。
下面两个插图演示了这两个方法的操作之间的概念性区别。在每种情况下，假定选择器（转换）函数从每个源值中选择一个由花卉数据组成的数组。
下图描述 Select() 如何返回一个与源集合具有相同元素数目的集合。
下图描述 SelectMany() 如何将中间数组序列串联为一个最终结果值，其中包含每个中间数组中的每个值。
代码示例
下面的示例比较 Select() 和 SelectMany() 的行为。代码将通过从源集合的每个花卉名称列表中提取前两项来创建一个“花束”。在此示例中，转换函数 Select<(Of <(TSource, TResult>)>)(IEnumerable<(Of <(TSource>)>), Func<(Of <(TSource, TResult>)>)) 使用的“单一值”本身就是一个值集合。这需要额外的 foreach（Visual Basic 中为 For Each）循环，以便枚举每个子序列中的每个字符串。
Visual Basic 复制代码Class Bouquet
Public Flowers As List(Of String)
End Class
Sub SelectVsSelectMany()
Dim bouquets As New List(Of Bouquet)(New Bouquet() { _
New Bouquet With {.Flowers = New List(Of String)(New String() {"sunflower", "daisy", "daffodil", "larkspur"})}, _
New Bouquet With {.Flowers = New List(Of String)(New String() {"tulip", "rose", "orchid"})}, _
New Bouquet With {.Flowers = New List(Of String)(New String() {"gladiolis", "lily", "snapdragon", "aster", "protea"})}, _
New Bouquet With {.Flowers = New List(Of String)(New String() {"larkspur", "lilac", "iris", "dahlia"})}})
Dim output As New System.Text.StringBuilder
' Select()
Dim query1 = bouquets.Select(Function(b) b.Flowers)
output.AppendLine("Using Select():")
For Each flowerList In query1
For Each str As String In flowerList
output.AppendLine(str)
Next
Next
' SelectMany()
Dim query2 = bouquets.SelectMany(Function(b) b.Flowers)
output.AppendLine(vbCrLf & "Using SelectMany():")
For Each str As String In query2
output.AppendLine(str)
Next
' Display the output
MsgBox(output.ToString())
' This code produces the following output:
'
' Using Select():
' sunflower
' daisy
' daffodil
' larkspur
' tulip
' rose
' orchid
' gladiolis
' lily
' snapdragon
' aster
' protea
' larkspur
' lilac
' iris
' dahlia
' Using SelectMany()
' sunflower
' daisy
' daffodil
' larkspur
' tulip
' rose
' orchid
' gladiolis
' lily
' snapdragon
' aster
' protea
' larkspur
' lilac
' iris
' dahlia
End Sub
C# 复制代码class Bouquet
{
public List<string> Flowers { get; set; }
}
static void SelectVsSelectMany()
{
List<Bouquet> bouquets = new List<Bouquet>() {
new Bouquet { Flowers = new List<string> { "sunflower", "daisy", "daffodil", "larkspur" }},
new Bouquet{ Flowers = new List<string> { "tulip", "rose", "orchid" }},
new Bouquet{ Flowers = new List<string> { "gladiolis", "lily", "snapdragon", "aster", "protea" }},
new Bouquet{ Flowers = new List<string> { "larkspur", "lilac", "iris", "dahlia" }}
};
// *********** Select ***********
IEnumerable<List<string>> query1 = bouquets.Select(bq => bq.Flowers);
// ********* SelectMany *********
IEnumerable<string> query2 = bouquets.SelectMany(bq => bq.Flowers);
Console.WriteLine("Results by using Select():");
// Note the extra foreach loop here.
foreach (IEnumerable<String> collection in query1)
foreach (string item in collection)
Console.WriteLine(item);
Console.WriteLine("
Results by using SelectMany():");
foreach (string item in query2)
Console.WriteLine(item);
/* This code produces the following output:
Results by using Select():
sunflower
daisy
daffodil
larkspur
tulip
rose
orchid
gladiolis
lily
snapdragon
aster
protea
larkspur
lilac
iris
dahlia
Results by using SelectMany():
sunflower
daisy
daffodil
larkspur
tulip
rose
orchid
gladiolis
lily
snapdragon
aster
protea
larkspur
lilac
iris
dahlia
*/
}