默顿规范
1942年，默顿在《论科学与民主》一文中系统地阐述了科学活动的规范结构——普遍主义、公有性、无私利性、有组织的怀疑主义。默顿规范提出以后，引起学术界的广泛争论。这些争论主要围绕哪几个问题进行?争论背后的原因是什么?如何正确看待学术界关于默顿规范的论争?论文试图对这几个问题进行尝试性的回答。 文章将学术界关于默顿规范的争论点总结为以下几点：默顿规范是否对科学共同体成员具有实际的约束力；默顿规范能否独一的保持科学的增长?默顿规范是否为科学共同体所独有；科学活动中的社会规范与技术规范的关系如何；默顿规范的知识观是否具有说服力；默顿规范能否全面刻画科学的实际运行。 针对以上争论点，文章从默顿规范的社会学理论基础与哲学基础进行了剖析，并运用SSK的观点对默顿规范的局限性进行了说明。在对默顿规范局限性进行分析的基础上，文章认为应在科学实践、科学哲学、科学社会学不断发展的新背景下对默顿规范进行再思考，并提出了一些新的看法。
In nineteen forty-two, Merton systematically articulated his theory of scientific ethos, he said communism universalism disinterestedness and organized skepticism constituted the norms of science, however, this theory arouse a lot of controversial, then how many controversial points appeared ? what is the causes of the controversial? How to treat these controversial in a objective and right way? This paper try to answer these questions in a hesitative manner.The controversial points are summarized as the following: whether these norms can impose real effects on the scientists or not; can these norms singly insure the prosperity of science; whether these norms peculiar owned by the science; can these norms fully describe the real picture of science; whether the of norms are convincing.The paper tries to analyze the reasons why the theory of scientific norms arise a lot of controversial, in addition, the paper describes the limitations of the theory with the perspective of SSK. in the last chapter, the paper propose that we should rethink of the theory in new perspective as the practice of science the philosophy of science and the sociology of science have developed to a new stage.
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