国际捕鲸委员会
国际捕鲸委员会（英语：International Whaling Commission ( IWC )）是根据国际捕鲸管制公约成立的国际捕鲸管制机构。国际捕鲸委员会的总部设于英国剑桥会长与副会长的任期为3年，委员会年会通常于每年5、6月间召开。
1931年，世界上第一个《国际捕鲸公约》签署。1946年，《国际管制捕鲸公约》签订。1948年，国际捕鲸委员会（ＩＷＣ）成立，加入国际捕鲸委员会的会员国必须承认《国际管制捕鲸公约》。每个会员国指派委员，并接受专家和顾问的指导。
国际捕鲸委员会现有61个会员国，中国也是会员之一。日本于1951年加入国际捕鲸委员会。1972年联合国人类环境大会作出决议，呼吁禁止10年商业捕鲸。国际捕鲸委员会1983年规定全面禁止商业捕鲸行为，1986年《禁止捕鲸公约》生效，每年被捕杀的鲸鱼数量从2.2万头下降到2700头。此外，国际捕鲸委员会分别于1979年和1994年建立了印度洋鲸类保护区和南大洋鲸类保护区。
自颁布商业捕鲸禁令20年来，中国与美、英、法、德、澳等大多数国家始终反对捕鲸。但由于《国际捕鲸公约》的第8条规定，任何国家可以根据科学目的击杀或者捕捞鲸，并应充分利用鲸的身体各部分。这给日本等国提供了捕鲸的合法理由。
国际捕鲸委员会１９４６年１２月２日根据《国际捕鲸公约》在华盛顿成立，其宗旨和任务是：调查鲸的数量；制定捕捞和保护太平洋鲸藏量的措施如确定鲸的保护品种和非保护品种、开放期和禁捕期、开放水域和禁捕水域、捕捞时间和工具等；对捕鲸业进行严格的国际监督。
国际捕鲸委员会１９８６年通过了《全球禁止捕鲸公约》，严格禁止商业捕鲸。２００６年，该委员会大会通过了一项支持恢复商业捕鲸的议案，但由于推翻１９８６年的商业捕鲸禁令需要得到委员会７５％以上成员的支持，因此商业捕鲸禁令目前依然有效。
成员国
中国、丹麦、巴西、日本、印度、多米尼加、百慕大、西班牙、贝里斯、委内瑞拉、法国、肯亚、芬兰、阿根廷、南非、美国、英国、哥斯达黎加、挪威、格瑞纳达、秘鲁、索罗门、新西兰、荷兰、智利、塞内加尔、奥地利、爱尔兰、瑞士、瑞典、圣文森、德国、摩纳哥、墨西哥、澳洲、苏联(现在的俄罗斯)
国际捕鲸公约
原文
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE REGULATION OF WHALING
WASHINGTON, 2ND DECEMBER, 1946
The Governments whose duly authorised representatives have subscribed hereto,
Recognizing the interest of the nations of the world in safeguarding for future generations the great natural resources represented by the whale stocks;
Considering that the history of whaling has seen over-fishing of one area after another and of one species of whale after another to such a degree that it is essential to protect all species of whales from further over-fishing;
Recognizing that the whale stocks are susceptible of natural increases if whaling is properly regulated, and that increases in the size of whale stocks will permit increases in the number of whales which may be captured without endangering these natural resources;
Recognizing that it is in the common interest to achieve the optimum level of whale stocks as rapidly as possible without causing widespread economic and nutritional distress;
Recognizing that in the course of achieving these objectives, whaling operations should be confined to those species best able to sustain exploitation in order to give an interval for recovery to certain species of whales now depleted in numbers;
Desiring to establish a system of international regulation for the whale fisheries to ensure proper and effective conservation and development of whale stocks on the basis of the principles embodied in the provisions of the International Agreement for the Regulation of Whaling, signed in London on 8th June, 1937, and the protocols to that Agreement signed in London on 24th June, 1938, and 26th November, 1945; and
Having decided to conclude a convention to provide for the proper conservation of whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development of the whaling industry;
Have agreed as follows:-
Article I
This Convention includes the Schedule attached thereto which forms an integral part thereof. All references to "Convention" shall be understood as including the said Schedule either in its present terms or as amended in accordance with the provisions of Article V.
This Convention applies to factory ships, land stations, and whale catchers under the jurisdiction of the Contracting Governments and to all waters in which whaling is prosecuted by such factory ships, land stations, and whale catchers.
Article II
As used in this Convention:-
"Factory ship" means a ship in which or on which whales are treated either wholly or in part;
"Land station" means a factory on the land at which whales are treated whether wholly or in part;
"Whale catcher" means a ship used for the purpose of hunting, taking, towing, holding on to, or scouting for whales;
"Contracting Government" means any Government which has deposited an instrument of ratification or has given notice of adherence to this Convention.
Article III
The Contracting Governments agree to establish an International Whaling Commission, hereinafter referred to as the Commission, to be composed of one member from each Contracting Government. Each member shall have one vote and may be accompanied by one or more experts and advisers.
The Commission shall elect from its own members a Chairman and Vice-Chairman and shall determine its own Rules of Procedure. Decisions of the Commission shall be taken by a simple majority of those members voting except that a three-fourths majority of those members voting shall be required for action in pursuance of Article V. The Rules of Procedure may provide for decisions otherwise than at meetings of the Commission.
The Commission may appoint its own Secretary and staff.
The Commission may set up, from among its own members and experts or advisers, such committees as it considers desirable to perform such functions as it may authorize.
The expenses of each member of the Commission and of his experts and advisers shall be determined by his own Government.
Recognizing that specialized agencies related to the United Nations will be concerned with the conservation and development of whale fisheries and the products arising therefrom and desiring to avoid duplication of functions, the Contracting Governments will consult among themselves within two years after the coming into force of this Convention to decide whether the Commission shall be brought within the framework of a specialized agency related to the United Nations.
In the meantime the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland shall arrange, in consultation with the other Contracting Governments, to convene the first meeting of the Commission, and shall initiate the consultation referred to in paragraph 6 above.
Subsequent meetings of the Commission shall be convened as the Commission may determine.
Article IV
The Commission may either in collaboration with or through independent agencies of the Contracting Governments or other public or private agencies, establishments, or organizations, or independently; (a) encourage, recommend, or if necessary, organize studies and investigations relating to whales and whaling; (b)collect and analyze statistical information concerning the current condition and trend of the whale stocks and the effects of whaling activities thereon; (c)study, appraise, and disseminate information concerning methods of maintaining and increasing the populations of whale stocks.
The Commission shall arrange for the publication of reports of its activities, and it may publish independently or in collaboration with the International Bureau for Whaling Statistics at Sandefjord in Norway and other organizations and agencies such reports as it deems appropriate, as well as statistical, scientific, and other pertinent information relating to whales and whaling.
Article V
The Commission may amend from time to time the provisions of the Schedule by adopting regulations with respect to the conservation and utilization of whale resources, fixing (a) protected and unprotected species; (b) open and closed seasons; (c) open and closed waters, including the designation of sanctuary areas; (d) size limits for each species; (e) time, methods, and intensity of whaling (including the maximum catch of whales to be taken in any one season); (f) types and specifications of gear and apparatus and appliances which may be used; (g) methods of measurement; and (h) catch returns and other statistical and biological records.
These amendments of the Schedule (a) shall be such as are necessary to carry out the objectives and purposes of this Convention and to provide for the conservation, development, and optimum utilization of the whale resources; (b) shall be based on scientific findings; (c) shall not involve restrictions on the number or nationality of factory ships or land stations, nor allocate specific quotas to any factory ship or land station or to any group of factory ships or land stations; and (d) shall take into consideration the interests of the consumers of whale products and the whaling industry.
Each of such amendments shall become effective with respect to the Contracting Governments ninety days following notification of the amendment by the Commission to each of the Contracting Governments, except that (a) if any Government presents to the Commission objection to any amendment prior to the expiration of this ninety-day period, the amendment shall not become effective with respect to any of the Governments for an additional ninety days; (b) thereupon, any other Contracting Government may present objection to the amendment at any time prior to the expiration of the additional ninety-day period, or before the expiration of thirty days from the date of receipt of the last objection received during such additional ninety-day period, whichever date shall be the later; and (c) thereafter, the amendment shall become effective with respect to all Contracting Governments which have not presented objection but shall not become effective with respect to any Government which has so objected until such date as the objection is withdrawn. The Commission shall notify each Contracting Government immediately upon receipt of each objection and withdrawal and each Contracting Government shall acknowledge receipt of all notifications of amendments, objections, and withdrawals.
No amendments shall become effective before 1st July, 1949.
Article VI
The Commission may from time to time make recommendations to any or all Contracting Governments on any matters which relate to whales or whaling and to the objectives and purposes of this Convention.
Article VII
The Contracting Government shall ensure prompt transmission to the International Bureau for Whaling Statistics at Sandefjord in Norway, or to such other body as the Commission may designate, of notifications and statistical and other information required by this Convention in such form and manner as may be prescribed by the Commission.
Article VIII
Notwithstanding anything contained in this Convention any Contracting Government may grant to any of its nationals a special permit authorizing that national to kill, take and treat whales for purposes of scientific research subject to such restrictions as to number and subject to such other conditions as the Contracting Government thinks fit, and the killing, taking, and treating of whales in accordance with the provisions of this Article shall be exempt from the operation of this Convention. Each Contracting Government shall report at once to the Commission all such authorizations which it has granted. Each Contracting Government may at any time revoke any such special permit which it has granted.
Any whales taken under these special permits shall so far as practicable be processed and the proceeds shall be dealt with in accordance with directions issued by the Government by which the permit was granted.
Each Contracting Government shall transmit to such body as may be designated by the Commission, in so far as practicable, and at intervals of not more than one year, scientific information available to that Government with respect to whales and whaling, including the results of research conducted pursuant to paragraph 1 of this Article and to Article IV.
Recognizing that continuous collection and analysis of biological data in connection with the operations of factory ships and land stations are indispensable to sound and constructive management of the whale fisheries, the Contracting Governments will take all practicable measures to obtain such data.
Article IX
Each Contracting Government shall take appropriate measures to ensure the application of the provisions of this Convention and the punishment of infractions against the said provisions in operations carried out by persons or by vessels under its jurisdiction.
No bonus or other remuneration calculated with relation to the results of their work shall be paid to the gunners and crews of whale catchers in respect of any whales the taking of which is forbidden by this Convention.
Prosecution for infractions against or contraventions of this Convention shall be instituted by the Government having jurisdiction over the offence.
Each Contracting Government shall transmit to the Commission full details of each infraction of the provisions of this Convention by persons or vessels under the jurisdiction of that Government as reported by its inspectors. This information shall include a statement of measures taken for dealing with the infraction and of penalties imposed.
Article X
This Convention shall be ratified and the instruments of ratifications shall be deposited with the Government of the United States of America.
Any Government which has not signed this Convention may adhere thereto after it enters into force by a notification in writing to the Government of the United States of America.
The Government of the United States of America shall inform all other signatory Governments and all adhering Governments of all ratifications deposited and adherences received.
This Convention shall, when instruments of ratification have been deposited by at least six signatory Governments, which shall include the Governments of the Netherlands, Norway, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America, enter into force with respect to those Governments and shall enter into force with respect to each Government which subsequently ratifies or adheres on the date of the deposit of its instrument of ratification or the receipt of its notification of adherence.
The provisions of the Schedule shall not apply prior to 1st July, 1948. Amendments to the Schedule adopted pursuant to Article V shall not apply prior to 1st July, 1949.
Article XI
Any Contracting Government may withdraw from this Convention on 30th June, of any year by giving notice on or before 1st January, of the same year to the depository Government, which upon receipt of such a notice shall at once communicate it to the other Contracting Governments. Any other Contracting Government may, in like manner, within one month of the receipt of a copy of such a notice from the depository Government give notice of withdrawal, so that the Convention shall cease to be in force on 30th June, of the same year with respect to the Government giving such notice of withdrawal.
The Convention shall bear the date on which it is opened for signature and shall remain open for signature for a period of fourteen days thereafter.
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In witness whereof the undersigned, being duly authorized, have signed this Convention.
Done in Washington this second day of December, 1946, in the English language, the original of which shall be deposited in the archives of the Government of the United States of America. The Government of the United States of America shall transmit certified copies thereof to all the other signatory and adhering Governments.
SIGNATORIES:
FOR ARGENTINA: Oscar Ivanissevich, José Manuel Moneta, Guillermo Brown, Pedro H. Bruno Videla
FOR AUSTRALIA: Francis F. Anderson
FOR BRAZIL: Paulo Fróes da Cruz
FOR CANADA: H.H. Wrong, H.A. Scott
FOR CHILE: Augustín R. Edwards
FOR DENMARK: Peter Friedrich Erichsen
FOR FRANCE: Francis Lacoste
FOR THE NETHERLANDS: D.J. van Dijk
FOR NEW ZEALAND: Guy Richardson Powles
FOR NORWAY: Birger Bergersen
FOR PERU: Carlos Rotalde
FOR THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS: Alexander S. Bogdanov, Eugine I. Nikishin
FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND: A.T.A. Dobson, J. Thomson
FOR THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: Remington Kellogg, Ira N. Gabrielson, William E.S. Flory
FOR THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA: H.T. Andrews
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THE PROTOCOL
WASHINGTON, 19TH NOVEMBER 1956
Protocol to the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling Signed at Washington under date of December 2, 1946
The Contracting Governments to the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling signed at Washington under date of 2nd December, 1946 which Convention is hereinafter referred to as the 1946 Whaling Convention, desiring to extend the application of that Convention to helicopters and other aircraft and to include provisions on methods of inspection among those Schedule provisions which may be amended by the Commission, agree as follows:
Article I
Subparagraph 3 of the Article II of the 1946 Whaling Convention shall be amended to read as follows:
"3. ‘whale catcher’ means a helicopter, or other aircraft, or a ship, used for the purpose of hunting, taking, killing, towing, holding on to, or scouting for whales."
Article II
Paragraph 1 of Article V of the 1946 Whaling Convention shall be amended by deleting the word "and" preceding clause (h), substituting a semicolon for the period at the end of the paragraph, and adding the following language: "and (i) methods of inspection".
Article III
This Protocol shall be open for signature and ratification or for adherence on behalf of any Contracting Government to the 1946 Whaling Convention.
This Protocol shall enter into force on the date upon which instruments of ratification have been deposited with, or written notifications of adherence have been received by, the Government of the United States of America on behalf of all the Contracting Governments to the 1946 Whaling Convention.
The Government of the United States of America shall inform all Governments signatory or adhering to the 1946 Whaling Convention of all ratifications deposited and adherences received.
This Protocol shall bear the date on which it is opened for signature and shall remain open for signature for a period of fourteen days thereafter, following which period it shall be open for adherence.
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IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorized, have signed this Protocol.
DONE in Washington this nineteenth day of November, 1956, in the English Language, the original of which shall be deposited in the archives of the Government of the United States of America. The Government of the United States of America shall transmit certified copies thereof to all Governments signatory or adhering to the 1946 Whaling Convention.
SIGNATORIES:
FOR CHILE: Augustín R. Edwards
FOR PERU: Carlos Rotalde
FOR ARGENTINA: Oscar Ivanissevich, José Manuel Moneta, Guillermo Brown, Pedro H. Bruno Videla
FOR DENMARK: Peter Friedrich Erichsen
FOR THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS: Alexander S. Bogdanov, Eugine I. Nikishin
FOR AUSTRALIA: Francis F. Anderson
FOR FRANCE: Francis Lacoste
FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND: A.T.A. Dobson, J. Thomson
FOR BRAZIL: Paulo Fróes da Cruz
FOR THE NETHERLANDS: Guy Richardson Powles
FOR THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: Remington Kellogg, Ira N. Gabrielson, William E.S. Flory
FOR CANADA: H.H. Wrong, H.A. Scott
FOR NEW ZEALAND: Birger Bergersen
FOR THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA: H.T. Andrews