石灰岩
石灰岩 (Limestone)
简称 灰岩
以方解石为主要成分的碳酸盐岩。石灰岩是一种沉积岩。有时含有白云石、粘土矿物和碎屑矿物，有灰、灰白、灰黑、黄、浅红、褐红等色，硬度一般不大，与稀盐酸反应剧烈。结构较为复杂，有碎屑结构和晶粒结构两种。碎屑结构多由颗粒、泥晶基质和亮晶胶结物构成。颗粒又称粒屑，主要有内碎屑、生物碎屑和鲕粒等，泥晶基质是由碳酸钙细屑或晶体组成的灰泥，质点大多小于0.05毫米，亮晶胶结物是充填于岩石颗粒之间孔隙中的化学沉淀物，是直径大于0.01毫米的方解石晶体颗粒；晶粒结构是由化学及生物化学作用沉淀而成的晶体颗粒。
石灰岩主要是在浅海的环境下形成的。石灰岩按成因可划分为粒屑石灰岩（流水搬运、沉积形成）；生物骨架石灰岩和化学、生物化学石灰岩。按结构构造可细分为竹叶状灰岩、状灰岩、团块状灰岩等。石灰岩的主要化学成分是CaCO3易溶蚀，故在石灰岩地区多形成石林和溶洞，称为喀斯特地形
石灰岩是烧制石灰和水泥的主要原料，是炼铁和炼钢的熔剂。
有生物化学作用生成的石灰岩，常含有丰富的有机物残骸。石灰岩中一般都含有一些白云石和黏土矿物，当黏土矿物含量达25%~50%时，称为泥质灰岩。白云石含量达25%~50%时，称为白云质灰岩。
石灰岩分布相当广泛，岩性均一，易于开采加工，是一种用途很广的建筑石料。
Description
Limestone often contains variable amounts of silica in the form of chert or flint, as well as varying amounts of clay, silt and sand as disseminations, nodules, or layers within the rock. The primary source of the calcite in limestone is most commonly marine organisms. These organisms secrete shells that settle out of the water column and are deposited on ocean floors as pelagic ooze or alternatively are conglomerated in a coral reef (see lysocline for information on calcite dissolution). Secondary calcite may also be deposited by supersaturated meteoric waters (groundwater that precipitates the material in caves). This produces speleothems such as stalagmites and stalactites. Another form taken by calcite is that of oolites (oolitic limestone) which can be recognized by its granular appearance.
Limestone makes up about 10% of the total volume of all sedimentary rocks.[1][2] Limestones may also form in both lacustrine and evaporite depositional environments[3][4].
Calcite can be either dissolved by groundwater or precipitated by groundwater, depending on several factors including the water temperature, pH, and dissolved ion concentrations. Calcite exhibits an unusual characteristic called retrograde solubility in which it becomes less soluble in water as the temperature increases.
When conditions are right for precipitation, calcite forms mineral coatings that cement the existing rock grains together or it can fill fractures.
Karst topography and caves develop in carbonate rocks due to their solubility in dilute acidic groundwater. Cooling groundwater or mixing of different groundwaters will also create conditions suitable for cave formation.
Coastal limestones are often eroded by organisms which bore into the rock by various means. This process is known as bioerosion. It is most common in the tropics, and it is known throughout the fossil record (see Taylor and Wilson, 2003).
Because of impurities, such as clay, sand, organic remains, iron oxide and other materials, many limestones exhibit different colors, especially on weathered surfaces. Limestone may be crystalline, clastic, granular, or massive, depending on the method of formation. Crystals of calcite, quartz, dolomite or barite may line small cavities in the rock. Folk and Dunham classifications are used to describe limestones more precisely.
Travertine is a banded, compact variety of limestone formed along streams, particularly where there are waterfalls and around hot or cold springs. Calcium carbonate is deposited where evaporation of the water leaves a solution that is supersaturated with chemical constituents of calcite. Tufa, a porous or cellular variety of travertine, is found near waterfalls. Coquina is a poorly consolidated limestone composed of pieces of coral or shells.
During regional metamorphism that occurs during the mountain building process (orogeny) limestone recrystallizes into marble.
Limestone is a parent material of Mollisol soil group.