Protection and Indemnity Associations
Protection and Indemnity Associations
船东互保协会
P. & I. Clubs 船东互保协会。船东互保协会规定承保范围，它由船东组成，意图为可能承担的责任范围提供金融保障。作为船东面临同类性质风险的结果，船东互保协会在风险放在同类业务量这一互助的基础上运作；每年度102保险费的溢价将汇入根据风险暴露程度确定的共同基金，而损失将从该共同基金对外补偿。
每一成员每年度缴纳费用的定价根据他希望承保的灾难情况、所选择的绝对免配额(deductibles)和他所提示披露的特别风险(individual risk)确定。这个基准定价（包括维持协会运作开支每一成员承担的份额和再保险费(reinsurance premiums)）,乘以保单年度中输入的总吨数，从而产生“预付保险费(advance call)”。在保单年度终结后，年度余额为预付保险费收入减去已付和应付的诉讼费用、管理费用、在保险费用和代理费用。如果各类费用超支，将向各成员按预付保险费的比例（一次或数次）征收补充保险费(supplementary calls)。如果收入多于各类开支，将按同样基础做出返还。
换言之，协会成员分摊各自的责任，保险人也是被保险人。目前有近20家的船东互保协会在运作。大多数协会已加入保障和赔款俱乐部国际集团(International Group of Protection and Indemnity Clubs) ，该集团是出于再保险目的和解决大多数成员关心问题而组成的联营体。主要的船东互保协会在英国、斯堪的纳维亚(半岛)(瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛的泛称)、日本和美国。国际集团的俱乐部有：
The American Steamship Owners Mutual Protection and Indemnity Association, Inc. [ http://www.american-club.com/ ]
Assuranceforeningen Gard (Gjensidig) [ http://www.gard.no/ ]
Assuranceforeningen Skuld (Gjensidig) [ http://www.skuld.com/ ]
Britannia Steam Ship Insurance Association Ltd.
Japan Ship Owners' Mutual Protection & Indemnity Association [ http://www.piclub.or.jp/ ]
Liverpool and London Steamship Protection & Indemnity Association Limited
London Steam-Ship Owners' Mutual Insurance Association Limited [ http://www.lsso.com/ ]
North of England P. & I. Association [ http://www.nepia.com/ ]
Shipowners' Mutual Protection and Indemnity Association, St. Clare House
Standard Steamship Owners' Protection & Indemnity Association Limited [ http://www.standard-club.com/ ]
Steamship Mutual Underwriting Association Limited [ http://www.ssmua.com/ ]
Sveriges Angfartygs Assurans Forening (The Swedish Club)
United Kingdom Mutual Steam-Ship Assurance Association Limited [ http://www.ukpandi.com/ ]
West of England Ship Owners Mutual Insurance Services Limted [ http://www.westpandi.com/ ]