宾语重句
宾语从句(一)
宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。宾语从句常由that引导,在口语中常省略。
当主句中谓语动词是现在或将来时态时,从句中谓语动词不受主句中谓语动词时态的影响,按需要可以使用任何时态。
如: She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday.
她说她从周一至周五上班。(从句是一般现在时)
She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk.
她说她要在他桌子上留个便条。(从句是一般将来时)
She says (that) she has never been to Mount Emei.
她说她从来没有去过峨眉山。(从句是现在完成时)
当主句谓语是过去时态,从句中的时态一般用表示过去的某种时态。
如:He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon.
他说昨天下午没有课。(从句是一般过去时)
He said (that) he was going to take care of the baby.
他说他会去照看这个婴儿。(从句是过去将来时)
He said (that) they were having a meeting at that time.
他说他们那时正在开会。(从句是过去进行时)
*当主句谓语是过去时态,而宾语从句叙述某一客观真理(事实)时, 宾语从句的时态则用一般现在时。
如:The teacher told us(that) nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.
老师告诉我们世上无难事只怕有心人。
She said (that) her father is twenty-eight years older than her. 她说她父亲比她大二十八岁。
He said that light travels much faster than sound.
他说光传播比声音传播快得多。
宾语从句(二)
由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句。
引出名词性从句的连词whether和if,在引出宾语从句时,用法和意义相同。但是只能引出宾语从句和不在句首的主语从句,而whether除了引出宾语从句外,还可引出主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
例如:
We don't know whether (if) it is right.
我们不知道它是否正确。
The question is whether she should do that.
问题在于她是否应该做那件事。
Whether it is true remains a question.
是真是假还是个问题。
试比较:
当if从句处在主句之后作“是否”讲时,引出的是宾语从句。
例如:
I don't know if it is true.
我不知道这事是否真实。
当if从句在主句之前作“如果”讲,则引出状语从句。
例如:
I shall go there if I have time.
如果我有时间,我将到那儿去。
when,where,why属于关系副词,都在其引导的定语从句中充当状语,其具体用法如下:
1. 关系副词 when引导定语从句(包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句)修饰表示时间的先行词,在定语从句中充当时间状语。例如:
I still remember the day when I first met Jennifer.我仍然记得第一次见到詹妮弗的那一天。
Next month, when you’ll spend your summer holidays in your hometown,is approaching. 下个月即将来临,届时你们将在家乡度暑假。
2. 关系副词where引导定语从句(包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句)修饰表示地点的先行词,在定语从句中充当地点状语。例如:
This is the office where he worked. 这就是他工作过的办公室。
She is going to live in Macao, where she has some close friends. 她要到澳门去定居, 在那里她有几个密友。
3. 关系副词why引导限定性定语从句修饰先行词reason,在定语从句中充当原因状语。例如:
I don’t know the reason why he came so late. 我不知道他来得那么晚的原因。
That is the reason why I don’t want to go. 那就是我不想去的理由。
He didn’t tell me the reason why he was so upset.他没有告诉我他为什么那样心烦意乱。
注意:关系代词与关系副词之间并非毫无关联,两者之间存在密切的联系。在备考中尤其要注意以下几点:
1. 很多情况下关系副词用“介词+which/whom”来代替,其中的介词由先行词或定语从句中谓语动词的形式来决定,例如:
The day when I met the famous pop star was the greatest day of my life.
= The day on which I met the famous pop star was the greatest day of my life.
见到这位著名歌星的那天是我一生中最重要的日子。
I shall never forget those years when I lived with her.
= I shall never forget those years during which I lived with her.
我将永远不会忘记我跟她生活的那些岁月。
This is a hall where the medical conference will be held.
= This is a hall in which the medical conference will be held.
这是礼堂,医学会议将在此召开。
2. 并非先行词表示时间或地点时都分别用when或where来引导相应的定语从句,若关系词在修饰表示时间或地点的先行词的定语从句中充当主语、宾语等而不是状语时,需用which或that引导相应的定语从句。例如:
Do you still remember the days which/that we spent together in school?
你还记得我们一起在学校度过的那些日子吗?
先行词the days表时间,但是其定语从句的引导词在定语从句中作宾语而不是状语,因此不能用when而应该用which或that.
3. that有时可以代替定语从句中的关系副词when,where,why,且that常可以省略,例如:
This is the time(when/that)he arrived. 这是他到达的时间。
[考题1] We are living in an age ____ many things are done on computer. (2003北京春)
A. which B. that C. whose D. when
[答案] D
[解析]本题中下划线处所引导的限定性定语从句修饰表示时间的先行词age,其引导词在该定语从句中充当时间状语,因此只能填入关系副词when.
[考题2]The film brought the hours back to me ____ I was taken good care of in that far-away village. (2001)
A. until B. that C. when D. where
[答案]C
[解析]本题中下划线处所引导的限定性定语从句修饰表示时间的先行词hours,其引导词在该定语从句中充当时间状语虼酥荒芴钊牍叵蹈贝荞hen.
[考题3]It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year,____ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.(2000北京、安徽春)
A. that B. while C. which D. when
[答案] D
[解析]本题中下划线处所引导的非限定性定语从句修饰表示时间的先行词moment,其引导词在该定语从句中充当时间状语,因此只能填入关系副词when.
[考题4] After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town ____ he grew up as a child. (1996)
A. which B. where C. that D. when
[答案] B
[解析]本题中下划线处所引导的限定性定语从句修饰表示地点的先行词town,其引导词在该定语从句中充当地点状语,因此只能填入关系副词where.
[考题5]We will be shown around the city: schools, museums, and some other places, ____ other visitors seldom go. (2002北京)
A. what B. which C. where D. when
[答案] C
[解析]本题中下划线处所引导的非限定性定语从句修饰表示地点的先行词some other places,其引导词在该定语从句中充当地点状语,因此只能填入关系副词where.
[考题6]I walked in our garden,____ Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees. (2005辽宁)
A. which B. when C. where D. that
[答案] C
[解析]本题中下划线处所引导的定语从句修饰表示地点的先行词garden并在该定语从句中充当地点状语,因此只能填入关系副词where.
[考题7] We’re just trying to reach a point ____ both sides will sit down together and talk. (2006山东)
A. where B. that C. when D. which
[答案] A
[解析] point可以理解成地点、位置,其后面的定语从句中缺少地点状语,因此下划线处只能填入引导词where。
英语中有这样两种句子结构,一种叫做简单句,一种叫做复合句。简单句由一个主语部分和一个谓语部分组成,例如:I had a surprise party for Marcia last Sunday. 上周日我为玛西亚举办了一个令人惊讶的舞会。另一种是复合句,有主句和其它从句构成,通俗的说就是一个大句子中包含着小句子,小句子作大句子的某种成分。
在复合句中,作及物动词或介词的宾语的句子称为宾语从句。例如:He said he went to the park every morning. 其中“he went to the park every morning”作及物动词said的宾语,那么它就是一个宾语从句。学习宾语从句应注意以下一些要点:
一、宾语从句要用陈述句语序。连词that在其引导的宾语从句中本身无意义,不担当任何句子成分,且常可省略。例如:
He says (that) you are not supposed to smoke on the bus. 他说你不应该在公共汽车上抽烟。
二、that引导的宾语从句常接在say, think, believe, hope, wish, say, tell, know, see, hear, mean, agree等动词后。例如:
I see (that) you are always nervous when you make a speech.我看每当你演讲时,你总是紧张。
三、think, believe等表示看法的动词后接否定式的宾语从句时,需“否定转移”。例如:
I don”t think it is a good idea for him to copy my homework.我认为他抄袭我的作业不是个好主意。
I didn”t believe that she made a decision to accept the job.我相信她不会决定接受那份工作。
四、宾语从句的两种时态:
1. 若主句为一般现在时,宾语从句要随具体情况选择所需时态。例如:
I know that Lin Da wasn”t in good health after he fell ill. 我知道林达病后身体欠佳。
2. 若主句为一般过去时,则宾语从句通常要用过去的某种时态。例如:
He said that luckily the rain stopped before we started. 他说幸亏在我们动身前雨停了。
注:主句是一般过去时,宾语从句是指客观真理、自然现象时要用一般现在时。
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. 老师说地球绕着太阳转。